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en:lectures:swrm:start [2018/02/09 11:33] – [10. Assignments] ckuells | en:lectures:swrm:start [2024/05/29 22:09] (aktuell) – ckuells | ||
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- | ====== Sustainable Water Resources Management ====== | ||
- | |||
++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture Sustainable Water Resources Management | | ++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture Sustainable Water Resources Management | | ||
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===== E-Books and Learning Material ===== | ===== E-Books and Learning Material ===== | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[http:// |
* {{ : | * {{ : | ||
* {{ : | * {{ : | ||
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==== 1. Basins and Water Balance of Basins ==== | ==== 1. Basins and Water Balance of Basins ==== | ||
- | {{ : | ||
* {{ : | * {{ : | ||
* {{ : | * {{ : | ||
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++++ | ++++ | ||
- | ==== 2. Monitoring: | + | ==== 2. Precipitation ==== |
- | {{ :en: | + | === 2.1 Precipitation: Monitoring === |
- | === Exercise & Homework | + | {{ : |
+ | |||
+ | == Exercise & Homework == | ||
- Please read the paper of Liu et al. 2017 and the short introduction to Quantum GIS interpolation methods and answer the following questions: What is the most robust and what is the most accurate method, given that hydrological data often have errors and are highly variable? | - Please read the paper of Liu et al. 2017 and the short introduction to Quantum GIS interpolation methods and answer the following questions: What is the most robust and what is the most accurate method, given that hydrological data often have errors and are highly variable? | ||
* {{ : | * {{ : | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[https:// |
- Use the inverse distance calculator and calculate rainfall at the point (x,y). Material: {{ : | - Use the inverse distance calculator and calculate rainfall at the point (x,y). Material: {{ : | ||
- | ==== 3. Precipitation: | + | === 2.2 Precipitation: |
- | + | ||
- | Slides of third lecture on {{ : | + | |
++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture on precipitation extremes | | ++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture on precipitation extremes | | ||
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++++ | ++++ | ||
- | === Exercise | + | == Exercise == |
- Read the chapters 5.10 and 5.11 in the article of {{: | - Read the chapters 5.10 and 5.11 in the article of {{: | ||
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<csv file=en: | <csv file=en: | ||
- | ++++ | + | Link to the intermediate result of rainfall extreme value analysis: {{ : |
- | ==== 4. Precipitaton and Infiltration ==== | + | Link to the final result with the Excel calculator |
- | + | ||
- | === From Horton overland flow to modern soil physics | + | |
- | + | ||
- | {{ : | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == Assignments == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | - Have a look at the films and answer | + | |
- | - Calculate the infiltration rate and amount for a soil with sorptivity of $S=50 \, mm/h^{1/2}$ and hydraulic conductivity of $a=8 \, mm/hour$ during the first 5 hours using the Philip | + | |
- | - There is a heavy rainfall of 65 mm in Kairo. We have a permeable soil (hydrological soil group A), sandy and deep and the land use is ' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <WRAP center box 83%> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | {{youtube> | + | |
- | {{youtube> | + | |
- | {{youtube> | + | |
- | {{youtube> | + | |
- | {{youtube> | + | |
- | {{youtube> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ---- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture on infiltration | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | |
- | * [[https:// | + | |
- | * [[http:// | + | |
- | * [[http:// | + | |
++++ | ++++ | ||
- | ==== 5. Soil Water Movement ==== | + | ==== 3. Evaporation ==== |
- | + | ||
- | {{ : | + | |
- | + | ||
- | === Pedotransfer Functions === | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A program and background information on the estimation of soil physical parameters for hydrological models and predicitions e.g. by [[https:// | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ==== 6. Evaporation ==== | + | |
=== Potential evaporation, | === Potential evaporation, | ||
- | Often evaporation is - for long time periods - the largest component of the water cycle and it deserves a closer look for this reason. The {{ : | + | Often evaporation is - for long time periods - the largest component of the water cycle and it deserves a closer look for this reason. |
- | + | ||
- | You can test how a commonly used evaporation formula works with an [[https:// | + | |
- | FAO offers excellent [[http:// | + | FAO offers excellent [[http:// |
== Assignments == | == Assignments == | ||
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- [[https:// | - [[https:// | ||
- [[http:// | - [[http:// | ||
+ | - [[https:// | ||
++++ | ++++ | ||
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Verhoef A., Campbell C. (2006) Evaporation Measurement, | Verhoef A., Campbell C. (2006) Evaporation Measurement, | ||
+ | ==== 4. Infiltration ==== | ||
- | ==== 7. Groundwater: | + | === From Horton overland flow to modern soil physics |
- | Groundwater is the water that fills voids between sediments or fractures in hard-rock completley and that is moved by gravity only. When water percolating from the unsaturated zone reaches the upper boundary of the ground water, the water level, groundwater is recharged. The process of groundwater recharge is very important for the assessment of sustainable water abstraction volumnes. | + | == Assignments == |
- | The {{ : | + | - Have a look at the films and answer the following question: You need to assess infiltration rates in a basin. Which empirical method would you use to measure infiltration rates from at least 40 different sites? |
+ | | ||
+ | | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center box 83%> | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{youtube> | ||
+ | {{youtube> | ||
+ | {{youtube> | ||
+ | {{youtube> | ||
+ | {{youtube> | ||
+ | {{youtube> | ||
+ | |||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | ++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture on infiltration | | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | * [[http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ++++ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== 5. Soil Water Movement ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Pedotransfer Functions === | ||
+ | |||
+ | A program and background information on the estimation of soil physical parameters for hydrological models and predicitions e.g. by [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== 6. Groundwater: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Groundwater is the water that fills voids between sediments or fractures in hard-rock completley | ||
== Material == | == Material == | ||
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- | ==== 8. Discharge: Measurement, | + | ==== 7. Discharge: Measurement, |
=== Measurement === | === Measurement === | ||
- | |||
- | The measurement of discharge in open channels, at weirs and with additional hydrometric methods (velocity measurements, | ||
Runoff generation, runoff concentration, | Runoff generation, runoff concentration, | ||
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Prediction and modeling are based on the understanding of how runoff and discharge change in time and in space or both and in the application of underlying statistical, | Prediction and modeling are based on the understanding of how runoff and discharge change in time and in space or both and in the application of underlying statistical, | ||
- | |||
- | {{ : | ||
=== Engineering === | === Engineering === | ||
- | Hydrological engineering is the development and implementation, | + | Hydrological engineering is the development and implementation, |
* flood retention, control and management | * flood retention, control and management | ||
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* runoff harvesting | * runoff harvesting | ||
- | ==== 9. Application in Hydrological Engineering: | + | ==== 8. Application in Hydrological Engineering: |
Water Resources Assessment involves the estimation and calculation of water resources for a hydrological system. This can be a natural system, a basin or watershed, or an aquifer and groundwater body. This can also be an administrative unit, a province or state. The European Water Framwork Directive follows natural system boundaries. However, often masterplans or national W.R.A. are still needed. | Water Resources Assessment involves the estimation and calculation of water resources for a hydrological system. This can be a natural system, a basin or watershed, or an aquifer and groundwater body. This can also be an administrative unit, a province or state. The European Water Framwork Directive follows natural system boundaries. However, often masterplans or national W.R.A. are still needed. | ||
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Give the result in $mm/year$ per square meter and for training purposes also in $l/s$ per $km^2$ and the available water for drinking water or irrigation for an area of 100 $km^2$ in million cubic meters per year. | Give the result in $mm/year$ per square meter and for training purposes also in $l/s$ per $km^2$ and the available water for drinking water or irrigation for an area of 100 $km^2$ in million cubic meters per year. | ||
- | ==== 10. Assignments | + | ==== 9. Final Assignment (2 groups) |
Group 1: Joel Jossy - A stormwater evaporation pond has high water losses. The city that has commissioned the pond wants to know whether the losses result from evaporation only or from evaporation and infiltration, | Group 1: Joel Jossy - A stormwater evaporation pond has high water losses. The city that has commissioned the pond wants to know whether the losses result from evaporation only or from evaporation and infiltration, | ||
- | {{ : | + | * {{ : |
+ | * {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | Group 2 (5 Students): Develop a daily water balance model of the soil at the University Neighbourhood (Hochschulstadtteil). The model comprises 1 compartment of the soil that is 1 m deep and has a suface of 1 square meter (1 m²). The soil has a porosity of 0.25 or 25 %. The model can be prepared with a spreadsheet program (Excel, Openoffice). It contains 5 different modules: | ||
+ | - rainfall / snowfall and snowmelt module, | ||
+ | - infiltration module (proposed a constant infiltration rate) | ||
+ | - evaporation module (proposed DVWK or Dalton-Type evaporation, | ||
+ | - storage module (keeping the water balance of inputs (rainfall -> infiltration), | ||
+ | - seepage module calculating the daily seepage | ||
+ | |||
+ | The model has a daily time-step. Each day is a row. Please prepare a section with the title and a short description (1.-2. row), parameters (3.-... lines, like snow melt factor, field capacity, initial value of soil moisture etc.), some statistical summary like min., max., average, number of cells, average and then the data with heading, runits and a row for each day. It is absolutely enough to model one year. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Group 3: Groundwater recharge estimation of Hochschulstadtteil. The time series of ground water level is given ({{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Comments === | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Rainfall - Snowmelt == | ||
+ | |||
+ | The rainfall / snowmelt module - snow is stored as water equivalent if temperature during the day is below 0 degrees Celsius. The snow store is depleted by snow-melt. Snowmelt works like | ||
+ | |||
+ | $$ snowmelt = T_{> 0} * ddf$$ in mm/day | ||
+ | |||
+ | where $T_{>0}$ are the degrees above 0 degrees per day and $ddf$ is the day-degree factor expressing the number of mm per day that can melt per degree above 0 degrees Celsius. The $ddf$ for this example is 4 mm/day. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Infiltration == | ||
+ | |||
+ | The infiltration rate can be specified by a simple equation and we can assume that it is constant. The infltration rate can be estimated from the $k_f$ hydraulic conductivity. It is $10^{-5}$ m/s (meters per second). Convert this to mm/day. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Evaporation == | ||
+ | |||
+ | Evaporation can be calculated with the DVWK approach (see slides). You need to calculate $E_s$ saturated vapour content from the Clasius-Clapeyron equation, $e_a$ from relative humidty times $E_s$ and take into account wind speed in m/s and a fetch factor. Please consider that evaporation stops when the soil moisture reaches the wilting point. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Storage == | ||
+ | |||
+ | The soil is sandy and 1 m thick (rooting depth). Porosity is 0.25 or 25 %. You can assume a field capacity of 200 mm for this case. The wilting point is 50 mm or 5 % of the total yield/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Seepage == | ||
+ | |||
+ | Seepage is only possible (in the easier version of the model), when moisture is above field capacity. When it is above field capacity, it can not exceed the hydraulic conductivity of the soil that is $10-^{-5}$ m/s. Since vertical movement usually has a conductiviy that is 1/10 of the lateral one, you should work with $10-^{-6}$ m/s as a maximum seepage rate. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Please check the water balance is met that is: | ||
+ | |||
+ | $$ N + P_{snowmelt} = E + R + Seepage + \Delta Storage$$ on a daily basis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Data === | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{ : | ||
+ | |||
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