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--- en:lectures:swrm:start [2018/02/12 17:23] – [10. Assignments] ckuells
+++ en:lectures:swrm:start [2024/05/29 22:09] (aktuell) – ckuells
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-====== Sustainable Water Resources Management ======
 ++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture Sustainable Water Resources Management |
@@ Zeile 18: / Zeile 16: @@
 ===== E-Books and Learning Material =====
-  * [[http://www.whycos.org/hwrp/guide/|Whycos / WMO Guide to Hydrological Practive: Internet Link to most recent version]]
+  * [[http://www.whycos.org/hwrp/guide/|Whycos / WMO Guide to Hydrological Practice: Internet Link to most recent version]]
   * {{ :en:lectures:swrm:g1-wmo_guide_168_vol_i_en-measurement-to-information.pdf | WMO Guide Hydrology Vol. 1}}
   * {{ :en:lectures:swrm:g2-wmo_guide_168_vol_ii_en-water-management.pdf | WMO Guide Water Management Vol. 2}}
@@ Zeile 43: / Zeile 41: @@
 ==== 1. Basins and Water Balance of Basins ====
-{{ :en:lectures:swrm:l1-basins.pdf | Lecture on basins, basin delineation and basin characteristics}}
   * {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l1-european-commission-river_basin_districts-2012.pdf | European Basins}}
   * {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l1-watersheds-urban-small-hydrology-small-watersheds.pdf | Small Urban Watersheds}}
@@ Zeile 67: / Zeile 64: @@
 ++++
-==== 2. Monitoring: Precipitation ====
+==== 2. Precipitation ====
-{{ :en:lectures:swrm:l2-precipitation.pdf | Slides of lecture on precipitation, monitoring and interpolation}}
+=== 2.1 Precipitation: Monitoring ===
-=== Exercise & Homework ===
+{{ :en:lectures:swrm:precipitation.zip | Articles and notes on precipitation (LateX)}}
+== Exercise & Homework ==
   - Please read the paper of Liu et al. 2017 and the short introduction to Quantum GIS interpolation methods and answer the following questions: What is the most robust and what is the most accurate method, given that hydrological data often have errors and are highly variable?
     * {{ :en:lectures:swrm:a2-liu-2017-interpolation-methods-25379.pdf | Liu et al. 2017: Quantitative Evaluation of Spatial Interpolation Models }}
-    * [[http://docs.qgis.org/2.2/de/docs/gentle_gis_introduction/spatial_analysis_interpolation.html|QGIS Rainfall Interpolation Methods]]
+    * [[https://docs.qgis.org/2.18/en/docs/gentle_gis_introduction/spatial_analysis_interpolation.html|QGIS Rainfall Interpolation Methods]]
   - Use the inverse distance calculator and calculate rainfall at the point (x,y). Material: {{ :en:lectures:swrm:inverse-distance.xlsx | Inverse Distance Calculator}}
-==== 3. Precipitation: Extremes and Statistics ====
+=== 2.2 Precipitation: Extremes and Statistics ===
-Slides of third lecture on {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l3-extremes.pdf | Precipitation: Extremes and statistics}}
 ++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture on precipitation extremes |
@@ Zeile 96: / Zeile 93: @@
 ++++
-=== Exercise ===
+== Exercise ==
   - Read the chapters 5.10 and 5.11 in the article of {{:en:lectures:swrm:l3-wmo_100_en-chap5.pdf |WMO}} on statistical analysis of time series. This article does not contain mathematics and is a pure description. How is robustness defined here?
@@ Zeile 107: / Zeile 104: @@
 <csv file=en:lectures:swrm:rainfall.csv></csv>
-++++
+Link to the intermediate result of rainfall extreme value analysis: {{ :en:lectures:swrm:idf.xlsx |Rainfall intensity analysis}}
-==== 4. Precipitaton and Infiltration ====
+Link to the final result with the Excel calculator to obtain IDF curves using the Sherman equation for short, longer duration and with the full Sherman idf function with 3 parameters: {{ :en:lectures:swrm:idf_final.xlsx | IDF calculation sheet (final)}}.
-=== From Horton overland flow to modern soil physics  ===
-{{ :en:lectures:swrm:l4-infiltration.pdf |Slides of fourth lecture on infiltration}}
-== Assignments ==
-  - Have a look at the films and answer the following question: You need to assess infiltration rates in a basin. Which empirical method would you use to measure infiltration rates from at least 40 different sites?
-  - Calculate the infiltration rate and amount for a soil with sorptivity of $S=50 \, mm/h^{1/2}$ and hydraulic conductivity of $a=8 \, mm/hour$ during the first 5 hours using the Philip equation.
-  - There is a heavy rainfall of 65 mm in Kairo. We have a permeable soil (hydrological soil group A), sandy and deep and the land use is 'industrial district'. You can use CN II. Calculate runoff from this event. First determine CN (II), then determine S [mm] and finally calculate P with an initial loss $I_a = 0.1*S$. Result must be 0 < Q < 65 in [mm]. You can try to calculte with CN - I for a dry 5-day period antecedent to the rainfall event.
-<WRAP center box 83%>
-{{youtube>ZUxqQq5-oD8?small | Minidisk Infiltrometer}}
-{{youtube>2nok8MJWV9s?small | Infiltrometer System}}
-{{youtube>PYvfTxQhbOQ?small | Ring Infiltrometer}}
-{{youtube>-ykihv53fks?small | Tension Infiltrometer}}
-{{youtube>O64sTYt4GR8?small | Suction Infiltrometer}}
-{{youtube>hBvmbIXCD2Y?small | Guelph Infiltrometer}}
-</WRAP>
-----
-++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture on infiltration |
-  * [[http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~ramirez/ce_old/classes/cive322-Ramirez/CE322_Web/InfiltrationComputationsExample.htm|Computation of Infiltration - example]]
-  * [[https://www.epa.gov/water-research/infiltration-models|Infiltration models (EPA)]]
-  * [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009WR008193/full|Infiltration and Entropy]]
-  * [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1029/WM015|AGU (2013): Infiltration Theory for Hydrologic Applications]]
 ++++
-==== 5. Soil Water Movement ====
+==== 3. Evaporation ====
-{{ :en:lectures:swrm:l5-soil-physics.pdf | Slides on principles of soil water movement}}
-=== Pedotransfer Functions ===
-A program and background information on the estimation of soil physical parameters for hydrological models and predicitions e.g. by [[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/water/manage/drainage/?cid=stelprdb1045310|Saxton (1986, USDA]] or [[https://hrsl.ba.ars.usda.gov/soilwater/Index.htm|here]]. Pedotransfer functions have been developed (and revised) for Europe by [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ejss.12192/full|Tóth et al. (2014)]]. In the U.S. the [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ejss.12192/full|Rosetta model]] is used by USDA. A comparative study by Kluitenberg suggests that the Saxton model provides the most reliable estimates for the U.S.
-==== 6. Evaporation ====
 === Potential evaporation, actual evaporation: Measurement and Estimation ===
-Often evaporation is - for long time periods - the largest component of the water cycle and it deserves a closer look for this reason. The {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l3-evaporation-final.pdf | slides for lecture on evaporation}} give an overview of measurement techniques, estimation approaches and formulae.
+Often evaporation is - for long time periods - the largest component of the water cycle and it deserves a closer look for this reason.
-You can test how a commonly used evaporation formula works with an [[https://fhl-pro.shinyapps.io/Evaporation_DVWK/|interactive equation plotter]]: You can modify wind speed, roughness and relative humidity and will get results of daily evaporation during a hydrological year with a given temperature time series.
-FAO offers excellent [[http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/eto-calculator/en/|software]] for the estimation of actual evaporation and for the calculation of the reference Evaporation with the Penman-Monteith method. An [[https://fhl-pro.shinyapps.io/penman-monteith-fao/#1|interactive computation sheet]] dev. by Prof. Kuells shows the energy balance and controlling factors of the Penman-Monteith method. The recommended software is [[http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/|ClIMWAT]] for getting climate data, [[http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/cropwat/en/|CROPWAT]] for calculating crop water requirements and [[http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/eto-calculator/en/|ETo Calculator]] for calculating the reference evaporation. Most equations are implemented in the [[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Evapotranspiration/index.html|R package evapotranspiration]].
+FAO offers excellent [[http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/eto-calculator/en/|software]] for the estimation of actual evaporation and for the calculation of the reference Evaporation with the Penman-Monteith method. An [[https://etcalc.hydrotools.tech/pageMain.php|interactive computation sheet]] shows several methods. Another recommended software is [[http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/|ClIMWAT]] for getting climate data, [[http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/cropwat/en/|CROPWAT]] for calculating crop water requirements and [[http://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/eto-calculator/en/|ETo Calculator]] for calculating the reference evaporation. Most equations are implemented in the [[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Evapotranspiration/index.html|R package evapotranspiration]].
 == Assignments ==
@@ Zeile 173: / Zeile 130: @@
   - [[https://vimeo.com/219190463|Eddy covariance method]]
   - [[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/x0490e00.htm#Contents|FAO Evaporation]]
+  - [[https://wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au/wetlands/ecology/processes-systems/evaporation/|Evaporation for Australia and salt marshes]]
 ++++
@@ Zeile 199: / Zeile 157: @@
 Verhoef A., Campbell C. (2006) Evaporation Measurement, Part 4. Hydrometeorology. Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, DOI: 10.1002/0470848944.hsa043. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
+==== 4. Infiltration ====
-==== 7. Groundwater: MAR ====
+=== From Horton overland flow to modern soil physics  ===
-Groundwater is the water that fills voids between sediments or fractures in hard-rock completley and that is moved by gravity only. When water percolating from the unsaturated zone reaches the upper boundary of the ground water, the water level, groundwater is recharged. The process of groundwater recharge is very important for the assessment of sustainable water abstraction volumnes.
+== Assignments ==
+  - Have a look at the films and answer the following question: You need to assess infiltration rates in a basin. Which empirical method would you use to measure infiltration rates from at least 40 different sites?
+  - Calculate the infiltration rate and amount for a soil with sorptivity of $S=50 \, mm/h^{1/2}$ and hydraulic conductivity of $a=8 \, mm/hour$ during the first 5 hours using the Philip equation.
+  - There is a heavy rainfall of 65 mm in Kairo. We have a permeable soil (hydrological soil group A), sandy and deep and the land use is 'industrial district'. You can use CN II. Calculate runoff from this event. First determine CN (II), then determine S [mm] and finally calculate P with an initial loss $I_a = 0.1*S$. Result must be 0 < Q < 65 in [mm]. You can try to calculte with CN - I for a dry 5-day period antecedent to the rainfall event.
-The {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l6-wra-recharge-estimation-methods.pdf |lecture on groundwater recharge}} summarizes methods to assess groundwater recharge in different climates, geologic and environmental conditions. The {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l6-groundwater-update.pdf |fundamental terms and principles of groundwater hydrology}} are introduced.
+<WRAP center box 83%>
+{{youtube>ZUxqQq5-oD8?small | Minidisk Infiltrometer}}
+{{youtube>2nok8MJWV9s?small | Infiltrometer System}}
+{{youtube>PYvfTxQhbOQ?small | Ring Infiltrometer}}
+{{youtube>-ykihv53fks?small | Tension Infiltrometer}}
+{{youtube>O64sTYt4GR8?small | Suction Infiltrometer}}
+{{youtube>hBvmbIXCD2Y?small | Guelph Infiltrometer}}
+</WRAP>
+----
+++++ Additional material, web-links, data for the lecture on infiltration |
+  * [[http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~ramirez/ce_old/classes/cive322-Ramirez/CE322_Web/InfiltrationComputationsExample.htm|Computation of Infiltration - example]]
+  * [[https://www.epa.gov/water-research/infiltration-models|Infiltration models (EPA)]]
+  * [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009WR008193/full|Infiltration and Entropy]]
+  * [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1029/WM015|AGU (2013): Infiltration Theory for Hydrologic Applications]]
+++++
+==== 5. Soil Water Movement ====
+=== Pedotransfer Functions ===
+A program and background information on the estimation of soil physical parameters for hydrological models and predicitions e.g. by [[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/water/manage/drainage/?cid=stelprdb1045310|Saxton (1986, USDA]] or [[https://hrsl.ba.ars.usda.gov/soilwater/Index.htm|here]]. Pedotransfer functions have been developed (and revised) for Europe by [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ejss.12192/full|Tóth et al. (2014)]]. In the U.S. the [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ejss.12192/full|Rosetta model]] is used by USDA. A comparative study by Kluitenberg suggests that the Saxton model provides the most reliable estimates for the U.S.
+==== 6. Groundwater: MAR ====
+Groundwater is the water that fills voids between sediments or fractures in hard-rock completley and that is moved by gravity only. When water percolating from the unsaturated zone reaches the upper boundary of the ground water, the water level, groundwater is recharged. The process of groundwater recharge is very important for the assessment of sustainable water abstraction volumnes.
 == Material ==
@@ Zeile 211: / Zeile 204: @@
-==== 8. Discharge: Measurement, Production, Concentration, Routing, Separation, Analysis, Statistics, Prediction ====
+==== 7. Discharge: Measurement, Production, Concentration, Routing, Separation, Analysis, Statistics, Prediction ====
 === Measurement ===
-The measurement of discharge in open channels, at weirs and with additional hydrometric methods (velocity measurements, ADCP and tracers) are described in the {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l5-runoff-gauging_update.pdf |lecture slides}}. A {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l5-monitoring-surface-water-rwanda.pdf |case study of water resources assessment with hydrometric methods in Rwanda}} and of the {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l5-water-balance-rwanda-runoff-data.pdf |results obtained from a hydrometric study}} are presented. Worked examples are also given for {{ :en:lectures:swrm:l5-runoff-tracer-methods.pdf |discharge measurements with tracer methods}}.
 Runoff generation, runoff concentration, runoff measurement and the subsequent analysis of runoff data are key competencies of hydrologists and form the basis for water resources assessment, flood risk management, hydro-power potential assessments and any analysis of river flow data for various purposes (irrigation, ship navigation, drinking water from surface resources).
@@ Zeile 253: / Zeile 244: @@
 Prediction and modeling are based on the understanding of how runoff and discharge change in time and in space or both and in the application of underlying statistical, physically process-based or conceptual relationships to predict or model runoff or discharge at one point or moment r(x,t), d(x,t) or for a spatial domain at a given time in future r(x,y,z,t+n) or for future time-series r(t). Prediction methods result from rainfall-runoff models or channel routing models or from any other proven and calibrated and validated relationship between relevant basin or event parameters and a hydrological target variable, here runoff or discharge.
-{{ :en:lectures:swrm:l5-runoff-modeling.pdf | A summary is given in the lecture slides on runoff modeling.}}
 === Engineering ===
-Hydrological engineering is the development and implementation, planned and objective-drivent, to change runoff or discharge at one or several points in time and in space with the purpose of improving ecological status or conditions for our life and social and economic activities. Hydrological engineering includes
+Hydrological engineering is the development and implementation, planned and objective-driven, to change runoff or discharge at one or several points in time and in space with the purpose of improving ecological status or conditions for our life and social and economic activities. Hydrological engineering includes
   * flood retention, control and management
@@ Zeile 265: / Zeile 254: @@
   * runoff harvesting
-==== 9. Application in Hydrological Engineering: Water Resources Assessment ====
+==== 8. Application in Hydrological Engineering: Water Resources Assessment ====
 Water Resources Assessment involves the estimation and calculation of water resources for a hydrological system. This can be a natural system, a basin or watershed, or an aquifer and groundwater body. This can also be an administrative unit, a province or state. The European Water Framwork Directive follows natural system boundaries. However, often masterplans or national W.R.A. are still needed.
@@ Zeile 283: / Zeile 272: @@
 Give the result in $mm/year$ per square meter and for training purposes also in $l/s$ per $km^2$ and the available water for drinking water or irrigation for an area of 100 $km^2$ in million cubic meters per year.
-==== 10. Assignments ====
+==== 9. Final Assignment (2 groups) ====
 Group 1: Joel Jossy - A stormwater evaporation pond has high water losses. The city that has commissioned the pond wants to know whether the losses result from evaporation only or from evaporation and infiltration, meaning that the pond is not well sealed and that the lining is incomplete. Please judge - based on climate - data, whether the pont is actually well constructed and lined or not and if not, please indicate the magnitude of the infiltration rate in m/s.
@@ Zeile 299: / Zeile 288: @@
 The model has a daily time-step. Each day is a row. Please prepare a section with the title and a short description (1.-2. row), parameters (3.-... lines, like snow melt factor, field capacity, initial value of soil moisture etc.), some statistical summary like min., max., average, number of cells, average and then the data with heading, runits and a row for each day. It is absolutely enough to model one year.
-Some comments:
+Group 3: Groundwater recharge estimation of Hochschulstadtteil. The time series of ground water level is given ({{ :en:lectures:swrm:171221l1.743_neu.xlsx |here}}). Please determine groundwater recharge from this time series using the method described in the groundwater lecture. You can assume a porosity of n=0.3 %. Prepare a table of groundwater table rises, aggregate them to a total accumulated rise and determine the corresponding recharge rate. Evaluate whether this recharge rate is possible using the water balance equation $N=E+Q_0+R+\Delta S$ with $N$ Precipitation, $E$ Evaporation, $Q_0$ surface runoff and $\Delta S$ change in storage (that can be assumed zero in this case).
+=== Comments ===
 == Rainfall - Snowmelt ==
@@ Zeile 328: / Zeile 319: @@
 $$ N + P_{snowmelt} = E + R + Seepage + \Delta Storage$$ on a daily basis.
+=== Data ===
+{{ :en:lectures:swrm:climate-data-luebeck.xlsx | Climate Data}} provided by DWD on their website for free for a station nearbei. The parameters are explained in this {{ :en:lectures:swrm:parameters.xlsx |file}}.