Unterschiede

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--- hydro:uph [2020/08/28 16:15] – angelegt ckuells
+++ hydro:uph [2024/04/10 10:02] (aktuell) – Externe Bearbeitung 127.0.0.1
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-Time variability and change
+====== Unsolved Problems in Hydrology ======
-. Is the hydrological cycle regionally accelerating/decelerating under climate and environmental change, and are there tipping points (irreversible changes)?
-. How will cold region runoff and groundwater change in a warmer climate (e.g. with glacier melt and permafrost thaw)?
+====== Time variability and change ======
-. What are the mechanisms by which climate change and water use alter ephemeral rivers and groundwater in (semi-) arid regions?
-. What are the impacts of land cover change and soil disturbances on water and energy fluxes at the land surface, and on the resulting groundwater recharge?
+  - Is the hydrological cycle regionally accelerating/decelerating under climate and environmental change, and are there tipping points (irreversible changes)?
-Space variability and scaling
+  - How will cold region runoff and groundwater change in a warmer climate (e.g. with glacier melt and permafrost thaw)?
-. What causes spatial heterogeneity and homogeneity in runoff, evaporation, subsurface water and material fluxes (carbon and other nutrients, sediments), and in their sensitivity to their controls (e.g. snow fall regime, aridity, reaction coefficients)?
+  - What are the mechanisms by which climate change and water use alter ephemeral rivers and groundwater in (semi-) arid regions?
-. What are the hydrologic laws at the catchment scale and how do they change with scale?
+  - What are the impacts of land cover change and soil disturbances on water and energy fluxes at the land surface, and on the resulting groundwater recharge?
-. Why is most flow preferential across multiple scales and how does such behaviour co-evolve with the critical zone?
-. Why do streams respond so quickly to precipitation inputs when storm flow is so old, and what is the transit time distribution of water in the terrestrial water cycle?
+====== Space variability and scaling  ======
-Variability of extremes
+  - What causes spatial heterogeneity and homogeneity in runoff, evaporation, subsurface water and material fluxes (carbon and other nutrients, sediments), and in their sensitivity to their controls (e.g. snow fall regime, aridity, reaction coefficients)?
-. How do flood-rich and drought-rich periods arise, are they changing, and if so why?
+  - What are the hydrologic laws at the catchment scale and how do they change with scale?
-. Why are runoff extremes in some catchments more sensitive to land-use/cover and geomorphic change than in others?
+  - Why is most flow preferential across multiple scales and how does such behaviour co-evolve with the critical zone?
-. Why, how and when do rain-on-snow events produce exceptional runoff?
+  - Why do streams respond so quickly to precipitation inputs when storm flow is so old, and what is the transit time distribution of water in the terrestrial water cycle?
-Interfaces in hydrology
-. What are the processes that control hillslopeâ€“riparianâ€“streamâ€“groundwater interactions and when do the compartments connect?
+====== Variability of extremes ======
-. What are the processes controlling the fluxes of groundwater across boundaries (e.g. groundwater recharge, inter-catchment fluxes and discharge to oceans)?
+  - How do flood-rich and drought-rich periods arise, are they changing, and if so why?
-. What factors contribute to the long-term persistence of sources responsible for the degradation of water quality?
+  - Why are runoff extremes in some catchments more sensitive to land-use/cover and geomorphic change than in others?
-. What are the extent, fate and impact of contaminants of emerging concern and how are microbial pathogens removed or inactivated in the subsurface?
+  - Why, how and when do rain-on-snow events produce exceptional runoff?
-Measurements and data
-. How can we use innovative technologies to measure surface and subsurface properties, states and fluxes at a range of spatial and temporal scales?
+====== Interfaces in hydrology ======
-. What is the relative value of traditional hydrological observations vs soft data (qualitative observations from lay persons, data mining etc.), and under what conditions can we substitute space for time?
-. How can we extract information from available data on human and water systems in order to inform the building process of socio-hydrological models and conceptualisations?
+  - What are the processes that control hillslope-riparian-stream-groundwater interactions and when do the compartments connect?
-Modelling methods
+  - What are the processes controlling the fluxes of groundwater across boundaries (e.g. groundwater recharge, inter-catchment fluxes and discharge to oceans)?
-. How can hydrological models be adapted to be able to extrapolate to changing conditions, including changing vegetation dynamics?
+  - What factors contribute to the long-term persistence of sources responsible for the degradation of water quality?
-. How can we disentangle and reduce model structural/parameter/input uncertainty in hydrological prediction?
+  - What are the extent, fate and impact of contaminants of emerging concern and how are microbial pathogens removed or inactivated in the subsurface?
-Interfaces with society
-. How can the (un)certainty in hydrological predictions be communicated to decision makers and the general public?
+====== Measurements and data ======
-. What are the synergies and tradeoffs between societal goals related to water management (e.g. waterâ€“environmentâ€“energyâ€“foodâ€“health)?
-. What is the role of water in migration, urbanisation and the dynamics of human civilisations, and what are the implications for contemporary water management?
+  - How can we use innovative technologies to measure surface and subsurface properties, states and fluxes at a range of spatial and temporal scales?
+  - What is the relative value of traditional hydrological observations vs soft data (qualitative observations from lay persons, data mining etc.), and under what conditions can we substitute space for time?
+  - How can we extract information from available data on human and water systems in order to inform the building process of socio-hydrological models and conceptualisations?
+====== Modelling methods ======
+  - How can hydrological models be adapted to be able to extrapolate to changing conditions, including changing vegetation dynamics?
+  - How can we disentangle and reduce model structural/parameter/input uncertainty in hydrological prediction?
+====== Interfaces with society ======
+  - How can the (un)certainty in hydrological predictions be communicated to decision makers and the general public?
+  - What are the synergies and tradeoffs between societal goals related to water management (e.g. water environment-energy-food-health)?
+  - What is the role of water in migration, urbanisation and the dynamics of human civilisations, and what are the implications for contemporary water management?